The Evolution of Military Tactics in the World Wars

The evolution of military tactics during World Wars I and II reflected dramatic changes in strategy, technology, and tactical understanding dealing with large-scale conflicts. In World War I, the initial trend was the use of tight infantry formations, coupled with the use of heavy artillery that destroyed enemy lines. The tactic of “trench warfare” is typical, where both sides are trapped in a prolonged total war. However, as time went by, technological innovations such as tanks and revolutionary automatic weapons began to change the battlefield. Tanks were first introduced by the British in 1916 and soon proved their effectiveness in breaking through mired front lines. Additionally, the use of fighter aircraft for reconnaissance and air support began to be considered, changing the way command and control was implemented on the battlefield. Entering World War II, military tactics continued to adapt. The Germans introduced the concept of “Blitzkrieg” or blitzkrieg, which combined rapid attacks and the management of mechanized units with infantry. This allows them to destroy enemy defense lines with surprising speed. In this context, military equipment is becoming more complex, with the increased use of armored vehicles. Likewise, the use of air and submarine defenses is also important. The US Navy responded with “air basing” tactics that allowed for rapid mobilization of troops as well as efficient logistical support. In the Mediterranean, encirclement and blockade strategies were widely used to overcome enemy forces. During this conflict, unit formations also underwent changes, with more emphasis on flexibility and small units that could move quickly. This is contrary to the conventional approach which is more rigid and formal. As awareness grew that information and intelligence were critical, the use of espionage and reconnaissance grew to become a key factor in planning military operations. World War II also saw a major shift in amphibious tactics, especially during the invasion of Normandy. Here, complex coordination between air force, navy, and infantry becomes critical, demonstrating the need for multi-domain integration in modern tactics. Overall, the evolution of military tactics in the World Wars demonstrated adaptation to changing technology and strategic needs, showing how warfare continues to evolve and adapt. Generals and military leaders learn from battlefield experiences, creating the basis for future military doctrine.